Auxetic cementitious composites in construction. A review

Building constructions, buildings and structures
Authors:
Velikii, Iaroslav AndreevichNemova (Sergeeva), Darya Viktorovna
Abstract:

The object of the study is auxetic cementitious composites (ACC), considered with respect to their structural features, testing methods, and applicability in construction. This work aims to classify and analyse existing testing methods for ACC, evaluate their mechanical and thermophysical characteristics compared with conventional cementitious materials, and assess their potential applications in construction practice. Method. This study uses a general scientific method of information synthesis and analysis. Results. The results systematically analyse ACC test methods and their application in construction, including compression and energy absorption, bending, shear, cyclic and dynamic loading, thermophysical, explosion, and impact tests. The analysis indicates that ACC exhibits higher compressive ductility, energy absorption capacity, and resistance to cyclic and dynamic loading than conventional cementitious materials, and that their application options range from protective panels to damping and facade elements. At the same time, sensitivity to geometric deviations during production, specific lattice degradation mechanisms, and the lack of standardised test procedures limit the technology's practical implementation in the construction industry.

Key words:
Auxetic Cementitious CompositesMetamaterialsNegative Poisson’s ratioMechanical behaviourAuxeticProtective structures
  • References

    1         Evans, K.E. (1991) Auxetic Polymers: A New Range of Materials. Endeavour, 15, 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(91)90123-S

    2         Asad, M., Dhanasekar, M., Zahra, T. and Thambiratnam, D. (2020) Impact Mitigation of Masonry Walls with Carbon Fibre and Auxetic Fibre Composite Renders – A Numerical Study. Structures, 28, 2733–2751. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2020.09.047

    3         Ma, Y., Zhao, F., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, P., Gao, S. and Zhang, J. (2023) Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Interface Structure Evolution and Deformation Behaviours of PVA-Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Negative Poisson’s Ratio Design. Construction and Building Materials, 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131897

    4         Valverde-Burneo, D., García-Troncoso, N., Segura, I. and García-Laborda, M. (2024) Multifunctional Cementitious Composite: Conductive and Auxetic Behaviour. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, e03358. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2024.E03358

    5         Fan, G.Z., Ren, X., Wang, S.L., Luo, C. and Xie, Y.M. (2022) A Novel Cement-Based Auxetic Foam Composite: Experimental Study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, e01159. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01159

    6         Choudhry, N.K., Nguyen, T.K., Nguyen-Van, V., Panda, B. and Tran, P. (2024) Auxetic Lattice Reinforcement for Tailored Mechanical Properties in Cementitious Composite: Experiments and Modelling. Construction and Building Materials, 438, 137252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.137252

    7         Vitalis, T., Gross, A., Tzortzinis, G., Schagen, B. and Gerasimidis, S. (2024) Enhancing Mortar Composite Matrices with Three-Dimensional Auxetic Truss Lattice Materials for Reinforced Concrete Structures. Construction and Building Materials, 457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139165

    8         Tzortzinis, G., Gross, A. and Gerasimidis, S. (2022) Auxetic Boosting of Confinement in Mortar by 3D Reentrant Truss Lattices for next Generation Steel Reinforced Concrete Members. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 52, 101681. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EML.2022.101681

    9         Mohan, M.K., Rahul, A. V., De Schutter, G. and Van Tittelboom, K. (2021) Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing from a Material Perspective: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103855

    10       Asprone, D., Auricchio, F., Menna, C. and Mercuri, V. (2018) 3D Printing of Reinforced Concrete Elements: Technology and Design Approach. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 218–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.018

    11       Gan, Z., Pham, T.M., Thambiratnam, D.P., Chan, T.H.T., Asad, M., Xu, S. and Zhuge, Y. (2024) High Strain Rate Effect and Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Auxetic Cementitious Composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 94, 110011. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.110011

    12       Zawistowski, M. and Poteralski, A. (2024) Parametric Optimization of Selected Auxetic Structures. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00452-0

    13       Spagnoli, A., Brighenti, R., Lanfranchi, M. and Soncini, F. (2015) On the Auxetic Behaviour of Metamaterials with Re-Entrant Cell Structures. Procedia Engineering, 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.252

    14       Zahra, T. and Dhanasekar, M. (2017) Characterisation of Cementitious Polymer Mortar – Auxetic Foam Composites. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2017.04.151

    15       Ding, L., Zhang, D., Yang, H., Dong, J. and Liao, B. (2024) Curve Beam for Strengthening the Negative Poisson’s Ratio Effect of Rotating Auxetic Metamaterial: Experiments and Simulations. Materials Today Communications, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107810

    16       Shaibakovich, S., Dontsova, A., Nemova, D., Olshevskiy, V. and Sergeev, V. (2024) Mechanical Behaviour of Auxetic Composite Panels for Civil Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202412.2122.v1

    17       Xu, Y. and Šavija, B. (2024) Auxetic Cementitious Composites (ACCs) with Excellent Compressive Ductility: Experiments and Modeling. Materials and Design, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112572

    18       Chen, M., Fang, S., Wang, G., Xuan, Y., Gao, D. and Zhang, M. (2024) Compressive and Flexural Behaviour of Engineered Cementitious Composites Based Auxetic Structures: An Experimental and Numerical Study. Journal of Building Engineering, 86, 108999. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.108999

    19       Asad, M., Win, N., Zahra, T., Thambiratnam, D.P., Chan, T.H.T. and Zhuge, Y. (2023) Enhanced Energy Absorption of Auxetic Cementitious Composites with Polyurethane Foam Layers for Building Protection Application. Journal of Building Engineering, 78, 107613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2023.107613

    20       Xue, X., Lin, C., Wu, F., Li, Z. and Liao, J. (2023, March) Lattice Structures with Negative Poisson’s Ratio: A Review. Materials Today Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105132

    21       Wang, X., Jia, K., Liu, Y. and Zhou, H. (2023) In-Plane Impact Response of Graded Foam Concrete-Filled Auxetic Honeycombs. Materials, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020745

    22       Scarpa, F., Giacomin, J., Zhang, Y. and Pastorino, P. (2005) Mechanical Performance of Auxetic Polyurethane Foam for Antivibration Glove Applications. Cellular Polymers, 24, 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/026248930502400501

    23       Yu, R., Luo, W., Yuan, H., Liu, J., He, W. and Yu, Z. (2020) Experimental and Numerical Research on Foam Filled Re-Entrant Cellular Structure with Negative Poisson’s Ratio. Thin-Walled Structures, 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106679

    24       Carlsson, J., Kuswoyo, A., Shaikeea, A. and Fleck, N.A. (2024) Compression of Filled, Open-Cell, 3D-Printed Kelvin Lattices. Mechanics of Materials, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2023.104851

    25       Salazar, B., Aghdasi, P., Williams, I.D., Ostertag, C.P. and Taylor, H.K. (2020) Polymer Lattice-Reinforcement for Enhancing Ductility of Concrete. Materials and Design, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109184

    26       Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Gan, Y. and Šavija, B. (2021) Cementitious Composites Reinforced with 3D Printed Functionally Graded Polymeric Lattice Structures: Experiments and Modelling. Additive Manufacturing, 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101887

    27       Hu, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Lu, G. and Tse, K.M. (2024, December) A Review on Energy Absorption Performance of Auxetic Composites with Fillings. Thin-Walled Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2024.112348

    28       Seyedkazemi, M., Wenqi, H., Jing, G., Ahmadi, P. and Khajehdezfuly, A. (2024) Auxetic Structures with Viscoelastic Behaviour: A Review of Mechanisms, Simulation, and Future Perspectives. Structures, 70, 107610. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2024.107610

    29       Jiang, W., Ren, X., Wang, S.L., Zhang, X.G., Zhang, X.Y., Luo, C., Xie, Y.M., Scarpa, F., Alderson, A. and Evans, K.E. (2022) Manufacturing, Characteristics and Applications of Auxetic Foams: A State-of-the-Art Review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 235, 109733. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2022.109733

    30       Momoh, E.O., Jayasinghe, A., Hajsadeghi, M., Vinai, R., Evans, K.E., Kripakaran, P. and Orr, J. (2024) A State-of-the-Art Review on the Application of Auxetic Materials in Cementitious Composites. Thin-Walled Structures, 196, 111447. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TWS.2023.111447

    31       Bohara, R.P., Linforth, S., Nguyen, T., Ghazlan, A. and Ngo, T. (2023) Anti-Blast and -Impact Performances of Auxetic Structures: A Review of Structures, Materials, Methods, and Fabrications. Engineering Structures, 276, 115377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2022.115377

    32       Pai, A., Rodriguez-Millan, M., Beppu, M., Valverde-Marcos, B. and B., S.S. (2023) Experimental Techniques for Performance Evaluation of Shielding Materials and Configurations Subjected to Blast and Ballistic Impacts: A State-of-the-Art Review. Thin-Walled Structures, 191, 111067. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TWS.2023.111067

    33       Edmund, D., Zahra, T., Asad, M. and Thamboo, J. (2024) Experimental Investigation on Tensile Characteristics of 3D Printed Auxetic Embedded Cementitious Composites and Shear Bonding Behaviour to Masonry. Journal of Building Engineering, 97, 110749. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.110749

    34       Gu, J. Ben, Wang, J.Y. and Lu, W. (2022) An Experimental Assessment of Ultra High Performance Concrete Beam Reinforced with Negative Poisson’s Ratio (NPR) Steel Rebar. Construction and Building Materials, 327, 127042. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2022.127042

    35       Yu, X., Zhou, J., Liang, H., Jiang, Z. and Wu, L. (2018, May) Mechanical Metamaterials Associated with Stiffness, Rigidity and Compressibility: A Brief Review. Progress in Materials Science, 114–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.12.003

    36       C39/C39M Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. https://store.astm.org/c0039_c0039m-21.html

    37       EN 12390-3:2019 - Compressive Strength Testing of Hardened Concrete. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/7eb738ef-44af-436c-ab8e-e6561571302c/en-12390-3-2019

    38       Logakannan, K.P., Ramachandran, V., Rengaswamy, J., Gao, Z. and Ruan, D. (2020) Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compression Behaviours of a Novel Auxetic Structure. Composite Structures, 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112853

    39       Yan, L.L., Yu, B., Han, B., Chen, C.Q., Zhang, Q.C. and Lu, T.J. (2013) Compressive Strength and Energy Absorption of Sandwich Panels with Aluminium Foam-Filled Corrugated Cores. Composites Science and Technology, 86, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.011

    40       Yan, S., Liu, W., Tan, X., Meng, Z., Luo, W., Jin, H., Wen, Y., Sun, J., Wu, L. and Zhou, J. (2024) Bio-Inspired Mechanical Metamaterial with Ultrahigh Load-Bearing Capacity for Energy Dissipation. Materials Today, 77, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2024.06.003

    41       Hamzehei, R., Rezaei, S., Kadkhodapour, J., Anaraki, A.P. and Mahmoudi, A. (2020) 2D Triangular Anti-Trichiral Structures and Auxetic Stents with Symmetric Shrinkage Behaviour and High Energy Absorption. Mechanics of Materials, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2019.103291

    42       Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Du, B., Liu, H., Chen, L., Li, W. and Liu, Y. (2020) Deformation Behaviours and Energy Absorption of Auxetic Lattice Cylindrical Structures under Axial Crushing Load. Aerospace Science and Technology, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105662

    43       Zhang, X.G., Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Luo, C., Zhang, X.Y., Han, D., Hao, J., Teng, X.C., Xie, Y.M. and Ren, X. (2022) Energy Absorption Properties of Composite Tubes with Hexagonal and Re-Entrant Honeycomb Fillers. Construction and Building Materials, 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129298

    44       Gao, Q. and Liao, W.H. (2021) Energy Absorption of Thin Walled Tube Filled with Gradient Auxetic Structures-Theory and Simulation. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106475

    45       Zhao, C., Goh, K.L., Lee, H.P., Yin, C., Zhang, K. and Zhong, J. (2023) Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis on Energy Absorption of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Auxetic Structures Filled with Aluminium Foam. Composite Structures, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116319

    46       Wu, L., Zhao, F., Lu, Z., Lin, J.H. and Jiang, Q. (2022) Impact Energy Absorption Composites with Shear Stiffening Gel-Filled Negative Poisson’s Ratio Skeleton by Kirigami Method. Composite Structures, 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116009

    47       Airoldi, A., Novak, N., Sgobba, F., Gilardelli, A. and Borovinšek, M. (2020) Foam-Filled Energy Absorbers with Auxetic Behaviour for Localized Impacts. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139500

    48       Wang, W.J., Zhang, W.M., Guo, M.F., Yang, J.S. and Ma, L. (2023) Energy Absorption Characteristics of a Lightweight Auxetic Honeycomb under Low-Velocity Impact Loading. Thin-Walled Structures, 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110577

    49       Jiang, W.Z., Teng, X.C., Ni, X.H., Zhang, X.G., Cheng, X., Jiang, W., Han, D., Zhang, Y. and Ren, X. (2024) An Improved Re-Entrant Honeycomb with Programmable Densification and Multistage Energy-Absorbing Performance. Engineering Structures, 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117318

    50       Gomes, R.A., de Oliveira, L.A., Francisco, M.B. and Gomes, G.F. (2023, July) Tubular Auxetic Structures: A Review. Thin-Walled Structures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110850

    51       Zhou, Y., Ye, L. and Chen, W. (2022) Impact Mitigation Performance of Hybrid Metamaterial with a Low Frequency Bandgap. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106863

    52       Wu, L., Wang, Y., Chuang, K., Wu, F., Wang, Q., Lin, W. and Jiang, H. (2021, April) A Brief Review of Dynamic Mechanical Metamaterials for Mechanical Energy Manipulation. Materials Today, 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.10.006

    53       Zhang, B., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, W. and Wu, G. (2021) Deformation and Energy Absorption Properties of Cenosphere/Aluminium Syntactic Foam-Filled Circular Tubes under Lateral Quasi-Static Compression. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Elsevier Ltd, 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106126

    54       Ren, X., Das, R., Tran, P., Ngo, T.D. and Xie, Y.M. (2018, January) Auxetic Metamaterials and Structures: A Review. Smart Materials and Structures, Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aaa61c

    55       Chen, M., Chen, Z., Xuan, Y., Zhang, T. and Zhang, M. (2023) Static and Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of 3D Printed Auxetic Lattice Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 139, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2023.105046

    56       Zhao, G., Fan, Y., Tang, C., Wei, Y. and Hao, W. (2024) Preparation and Compressive Properties of Cementitious Composites Reinforced by 3D Printed Cellular Structures with a Negative Poisson’s Ratio. Developments in the Built Environment, 17, 100362. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIBE.2024.100362

    57       Xie, J., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Liang, M., Wan, Z. and Šavija, B. (2024) Peanut Shaped Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composite (ACCC). Construction and Building Materials, 419, 135539. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.135539

    58       Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Schlangen, E., Luković, M. and Šavija, B. (2020) Cementitious Cellular Composites with Auxetic Behaviour. Cement and Concrete Composites, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103624

    59       Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Bol, R.J.M. and Šavija, B. (2024) Spring-like Behaviour of Cementitious Composite Enabled by Auxetic Hyperelastic Frame. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109364

    60       Zhong, R., Ren, X., Yu Zhang, X., Luo, C., Zhang, Y. and Min Xie, Y. (2022) Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites with Auxetic Single and Layered Honeycomb Structures. Construction and Building Materials, 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126453

    61       Hao, W., Liu, J. and Kanwal, H. (2023) Compressive Properties of Cementitious Composites Reinforced by 3D Printed PA 6 Lattice. Polymer Testing, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107811

    62       Xu, Y., Schlangen, E., Luković, M. and Šavija, B. (2021) Tunable Mechanical Behaviour of Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composites (CCCs): Experiments and Simulations. Construction and Building Materials, 266, 121388. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2020.121388

    63       Solak, K., Orhan, S.N., Kotan, T. and Ardahanlı, M. (2025) Design, Fabrication, and Mechanical Analysis of Auxetic Cementitious Tubular Composites: An Experimental and Numerical Study. Construction and Building Materials, 492, 142931. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.142931

    64       Xie, J., He, S., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Zhou, W., Schlangen, E. and Šavija, B. (2025) Enhanced Elastomer-like Auxetic Cementitious Materials through Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) with Extended Softening Properties. Cement and Concrete Composites, 161, 106069. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2025.106069

    65       Valverde-Burneo, D., García-Troncoso, N., Segura, I., García-Laborda, M., Santillán, N., Sanchez, L. and Franco, V. (2025) Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Auxetic Cementitious Composite: A Comparative Study with Recycled and Virgin Steel Fibres. Journal of Building Engineering, 101, 111822. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2025.111822

    66       Xie, J., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Liang, M., Zhou, Y. and Šavija, B. (2025) Impact Behaviour of Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composites (ACCCs) Architected through Additive Manufacturing (AM) Assisted Casting: Experiment and Modelling. Construction and Building Materials, 471, 140692. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.140692

    67       Du, G., Sun, Y. and Qian, Y. (2025) In-Plane and out-of-Plane Compressive Performance of Bio-Inspired 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite Porous Lattice Structures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 160, 106070. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2025.106070

    68       Cheng, Z., Zhu, P., Kang, J., Wang, P. and Feng, H. (2026) 3D-Printed Cementitious Perforated Plate Structure with Excellent Auxetic Behaviour and Energy Absorption. Composite Structures, 388, 120389. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2026.120389

    69       Song, S., Ge, Z., Liu, J., Sun, K., Zhou, S., Song, H. and Zhang, H. (2026) Auxetic Cementitious-Silicone Cellular Composite Structure with Enhanced Energy Absorption Properties. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 310, 111119. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMECSCI.2025.111119

    70       Valverde-Burneo, D., García-Troncoso, N. and Segura, I. (2025) Influence of Material and Design Parameters on the Mechanical Performance and Specific Energy Absorption of Auxetic HPCC. Construction and Building Materials, 505, 144778. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.144778

    71       Hajsadeghi, M., Wan, L., Momoh, E.O., Jayasinghe, A., Vinai, R., Kripakaran, P., Evans, K.E. and Orr, J.J. (2025) Compressive Behaviour of Mortar Panels Reinforced with Polymeric Auxetic Lattices: Experimental Testing and Numerical Modelling. Construction and Building Materials, 503, 144585. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.144585

    72       Chikkanna, N., Krishnapillai, S. and Ramachandran, V. (2024) Investigation on the Bending Performance of Sandwich Beams with Re-Entrant Diamond Auxetic Core. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2024.2389752

    73       Gohar, S., Hussain, G., Ali, A., Ilyas, M. and Alkahtani, M. (2023) In-Plane Bending Performance of Novel Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structures and Its Enhancement through the Application of Shape Optimization Method. Composite Structures, 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117357

    74       C78 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading). https://store.astm.org/standards/c78

    75       Tang, C., Zhou, Y., Fan, Y., Liu, J., Kanwal, H. and Hao, W. (2025) Preparation and Flexural Performance of 3D Printed Gradient Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure Reinforced Cementitious Composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111875

    76       Rosewitz, J.A., Choshali, H.A. and Rahbar, N. (2019) Bioinspired Design of Architected Cement-Polymer Composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 96, 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.010

    77       Hematibahar, M., Milani, A., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Bakhtiary, A., Kharun, M. and Mousavi, M.S. (2025) Optimization of 3D-Printed Reinforced Concrete Beams with Four Types of Reinforced Patterns and Different Distances. Engineering Failure Analysis, 168, 109096. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2024.109096

    78       Asad, M., Dhanasekar, M., Zahra, T. and Thambiratnam, D. (2019) Characterisation of Polymer Cement Mortar Composites Containing Carbon Fibre or Auxetic Fabric Overlays and Inserts under Flexure. Construction and Building Materials, 224, 863–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2019.07.120

    79       Xu, Y. and Šavija, B. (2019) Development of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite (SHCC) Reinforced with 3D Printed Polymeric Reinforcement: Mechanical Properties. Composites Part B: Engineering, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107011

    80       Ma, Y., Wang, P., Chang, Q., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, R., Xu, D. and Wang, S. (2025) Mechanical Behaviour and Damage-Mitigation Mechanism of Auxetic Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Composites. Construction and Building Materials, 496, 143820. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.143820

    81       Yu, H.R., Wang, X.Y., Zhang, Y., Jiang, W.Z., Qu, Y.C., Xue, T. and Ren, X. (2025) Bending Performance of Cement-Based 3D Auxetic Lattice Composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 111, 113549. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2025.113549

    82       Namakiaraghi, P., Yen, E. and Farnam, Y. (Amir). (2025) Using Lattice and Hollow Architected Polymeric Reinforcement to Improve Flexural Performance of Cementitious Composite. Construction and Building Materials, 487, 142124. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.142124

    83       Xie, B., Huang, H., Jigu, X., Huang, L., Cai, J., Zhang, H. and Hu, N. (2025) Static and Impact Response of Meter-Scale Architected Lattice-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Beams. Engineering Structures, 336, 120483. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2025.120483

    84       Zhou, W., Bol, R.J.M., Zhou, Y., Meng, Z., Xu, Y., Xie, J. and Šavija, B. (2025) Reinforcing Mechanism of Lattice-Reinforced Cementitious Composites: Insights into Flexural Performance and Material Interactions. Materials & Design, 256, 114332. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2025.114332

    85       Wang, L., Sun, J., Ding, T., Liang, Y., Ho, J.C.M. and Lai, M.H. (2022) Manufacture and Behaviour of Innovative 3D Printed Auxetic Composite Panels Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact Load. Structures, 38, 910–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.02.033

    86       Miller, W., Ren, Z., Smith, C.W. and Evans, K.E. (2012) A Negative Poisson’s Ratio Carbon Fibre Composite Using a Negative Poisson’s Ratio Yarn Reinforcement. Composites Science and Technology, 72, 761–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.025

    87       Tolochyna, O., Zgalat-Lozynska, N., Podrezov, Y., Verbylo, D., Tolochyn, O. and Zgalat-Lozynskyy, O. (2023) The Role of Flexible Polymer Composite Materials Properties in Energy Absorption of Three-Dimensional Auxetic Lattice Structures. Materials Today Communications, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107370

    88       Somarathna, H.M.C.C., Raman, S.N., Mohotti, D., Mutalib, A.A. and Badri, K.H. (2018, November) The Use of Polyurethane for Structural and Infrastructural Engineering Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. Construction and Building Materials, 995–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.166

    89       Haque Faisal, N., Scott, L., Booth, F., Duncan, S., McLeod, A., Ghazi Droubi, M. and Njuguna, J. (2023) Effect of Fillers on Compression Loading Performance of Modified Re-Entrant Honeycomb Auxetic Sandwich Structures. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 58, 98–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/03093247221083210

    90       Lim, T.C., Alderson, A. and Alderson, K.L. (2014) Experimental Studies on the Impact Properties of Auxetic Materials. Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research, 251, 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201384249

    91       Fu, M.H., Xu, O.T., Hu, L.L. and Yu, T.X. (2016) Nonlinear Shear Modulus of Re-Entrant Hexagonal Honeycombs under Large Deformation. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 80, 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.11.015

    92       Zhou, X., Fu, W., Wang, Y., Yan, H. and Huang, Y. (2024) Impact Responses and Wave Dissipation Investigation of a Composite Sandwich Shell Reinforced by Multilayer Negative Poisson’s Ratio Viscoelastic Polymer Material Honeycomb. Materials, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010233

    93       Kai, L., Xiaofei, C., Peng, Z., WenWang, W. and Ying, L. (2022) Dynamic Mechanical Performances of Enhanced Anti-Tetra-Chiral Structure with Rolled Cross-Section Ligaments under Impact Loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104204

    94       Henyš, P., Vomáčko, V., Ackermann, M., Sobotka, J., Solfronk, P., Šafka, J. and Čapek, L. (2019) Normal and Shear Behaviours of the Auxetic Metamaterials: Homogenisation and Experimental Approaches. Meccanica, 54, 831–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-01000-8

    95       Changfang, Z., Heow Pueh, L., Kheng Lim, G., Jianlin, Z., Kebin, Z., Zhendong, Z., Jie, R. and Guigao, L. (2022) Preparation Process and Compression Mechanics of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure (CFRP + NPRS). Composite Structures, 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115667

    96       Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Du, G., Yu, Y., Xia, Q., Wu, X., Wang, Y., Ji, W., Qiao, J., Ding, F. and Chen, Y. (2023) Intralayer Negative Poisson’s Ratio in 2D Black Arsenic by Strain Engineering. Small Structures, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202300178

    97       Tao, Z., Yue, Y., He, M., Yang, X. and Zheng, N. (2024) Seismic Response and Failure Mechanism of Ordinary Concrete and UHTCC Short Columns Reinforced with Negative Poisson’s Ratio Steel Bars. Construction and Building Materials, 418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135402

    98       Choudhry, N.K., Panda, B. and Dixit, U.S. (2023, October) Energy Absorption Characteristics of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printed Auxetic Re-Entrant Structures: A Review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 8981–8999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08243-3

    99       Zhang, L., Yan, S., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Cai, W., Zhang, Z. and Zhou, J. (2025, April) Mechanical Metamaterials with Negative Poisson’s Ratio: A Review. Engineering Structures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119838

    100     Gu, J.-B., Wang, J.-Y. and Tao, Y. (2023) Experimental Assessment on Cyclic Flexural Behaviour of UHPC Beam Reinforced with Negative Poisson’s Ratio (NPR) Steel Rebar. Composite Structures, 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117353

    101     Liu, D., Wang, C., Gonzalez-Libreros, J., Guo, T., Cao, J., Tu, Y., Elfgren, L. and Sas, G. (2023) A Review of Concrete Properties under the Combined Effect of Fatigue and Corrosion from a Material Perspective. Construction and Building Materials, 369, 130489. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2023.130489

    102     Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Cai, X., Xu, Z. and Wen, Y. (2023) Cyclic Behaviour of Ellipse and Peanut-Shaped Perforated Buckling-Restrained Braces. Engineering Structures, 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116432.

    103     Xie, M., Wu, X., Xu, F., Wang, Z., Yin, L. and Xu, M. (2024) Research on the Mechanical Properties of Elliptical Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structures. Buildings, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123965

    104     Luo, Y.M., He, C., Tao, Z., Hao, J., Xu, H.H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F. and Ren, X. (2024) A Surface-Wave Seismic Metamaterial Filled with Auxetic Foam. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108715

    105     Li, P., Yang, F., Han, D., Hou, X. and Fan, H. (2025) Application of Negative Poisson’s Ratio Materials in Pipe Seismic Metamaterial to Achieve Low-Frequency Wide Bandgap for Surface Waves. Engineering Structures, 328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119724

    106     Ding, H., Huang, N., Muhammad, Xu, C. and Tong, L. (2024) Negative Poisson’s Ratio Locally Resonant Seismic Metamaterials Vibration Isolation Barrier. Acta Mechanica Sinica/Lixue Xuebao, 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-024-23370-x

    107     Guaygua, B., Sánchez-Garrido, A.J. and Yepes, V. (2023) A Systematic Review of Seismic-Resistant Precast Concrete Buildings. Structures, 58, 105598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105598

    108     Long, X.C., Wang, J.Y., Rong, X.L., Lu, B.L., Chen, L.B. and Chen, Z.W. (2025) Cyclic Performance of Novel NPR Steel-Reinforced UHPC Beams. Journal of Building Engineering, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112181

    109     Meng, Z., Xu, Y., Zhou, W., Xie, J. and Šavija, B. (2025) Foamed Cementitious Composites with 3D-Printed Auxetic Lattice Reinforcement: Enhancing Static and Cyclic Performance. Composites Part B: Engineering, 303, 112614. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2025.112614

    110     Kalubadanage, D., Remennikov, A., Ngo, T. and Qi, C. (2021) Close-in Blast Resistance of Large-Scale Auxetic Re-Entrant Honeycomb Sandwich Panels. Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 23, 4016–4053. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099636220975450

    111     Novak, N., Starčevič, L., Vesenjak, M. and Ren, Z. (2019) Blast Response Study of the Sandwich Composite Panels with 3D Chiral Auxetic Core. Composite Structures, 210, 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.11.050

    112     Hanifehzadeh, M., Aryan, H., Gencturk, B. and Akyniyazov, D. (2021) Structural Response of Steel Jacket-Uhpc Retrofitted Reinforced Concrete Columns under Blast Loading. Materials, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061521

    113     Zhang, C., Gholipour, G. and Mousavi, A.A. (2020, August) Blast Loads Induced Responses of RC Structural Members: State-of-the-Art Review. Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108066

    114     Jiang, F., Yang, S., Qi, C., Liu, H.T., Remennikov, A. and Pei, L.Z. (2023) Blast Response and Multi-Objective Optimization of Graded Re-Entrant Circular Auxetic Cored Sandwich Panels. Composite Structures, 305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116494

    115     Fíla, T., Zlámal, P., Jiroušek, O., Falta, J., Koudelka, P., Kytýř, D., Doktor, T. and Valach, J. (2017) Impact Testing of Polymer-Filled Auxetics Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Advanced Engineering Materials, 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700076

    116     Zhang, H., Ji, S., Wang, L., Jin, C., Liu, X. and Li, X. (2022) Study on Dynamic Splitting Tensile Damage Characteristics of Basalt Fibre Reinforced Concrete Based on AE and DSCM. Journal of Building Engineering, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104905

    117     Huang, R., Guan, Z., Qin, J., Wen, Y. and Lai, Z. (2024) Strain Rate Effect of Concrete Based on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) Test. Journal of Building Engineering, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108856

    118     Genç, O.K., Kong, Z., Keshtegar, B. and Thai, D.K. (2024) Blast-Resistant Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Auxetic-Shaped Reinforcement Layout. Buildings, 14, 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS14113392

    119     Solak, K. and Orhan, S.N. (2024) Comparative Study of Progressive Collapse Behaviour of Auxetic Concrete Cellular Structures Under Low-Velocity Impact Loading. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 14, 1590–1601. https://doi.org/10.21597/JIST.1521794

    120     Kalubadanage, D., Remennikov, A., Ngo, T. and Qi, C. (2022) Experimental Study on Damage Magnification Effect of Lightweight Auxetic Honeycomb Protective Panels under Close-in Blast Loads. Thin-Walled Structures, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109509

    121     Zhang, J. and Lu, G. (2023) Energy Absorption of Re-Entrant Honeycombs in Tension and Compression. Engineering Structures, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116237

    122     Chen, M., Wang, H., Zhang, T., Wang, Y. and Zhang, M. (2025) Improving the Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Self-Compacting Cementitious Composites through 3D Printed Functionally-Graded Auxetic Nylon Lattice Structures. Journal of Building Engineering, 115, 114574. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2025.114574

    123     Hu, J.S., Wang, B.L., Li, J.E. and Wang, K.F. (2020) Thermal Shock Resistance Behaviour of Auxetic Ceramic Honeycombs with a Central Crack or an Edge Crack. Ceramics International, 46, 11835–11845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.01.218

    124     Li, P.Q., Wang, K.F. and Wang, B.L. (2024) Effects of Unit Cell Parameters on the Thermal Shock Resistance of Auxetic Honeycomb Sandwich Structures: Combining Discrete and Continuum Model. Mechanics of Materials, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MECHMAT.2024.105054

    125     Dong, H., Wang, H., Hazell, P.J., Sun, N., Dura, H.B. and Escobedo-Diaz, J.P. (2025) Effects of Printing Parameters on the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compression Behaviour of 3D-Printed Re-Entrant Auxetic Structures. Thin-Walled Structures, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2025.113000

    126     Ma, S. and Jin, G. (2003) New Correlation Coefficients Designed for Digital Speckle Correlation Method (DSCM). Optical Technology and Image Processing for Fluids and Solids Diagnostics 2002, SPIE, 25. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509382

    127     Magalhaes, R., Subramani, P., Lisner, T., Rana, S., Ghiassi, B., Fangueiro, R., Oliveira, D. V. and Lourenco, P.B. (2016) Development, Characterization and Analysis of Auxetic Structures from Braided Composites and Study the Influence of Material and Structural Parameters. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 87, 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2016.04.020

    128     Cai, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, P. and Wen, Y. (2023) Seismic Behaviour of Self-Centering Precast Segmental Bridge Piers with External Auxetic Steel Shear Panel Dampers. Structures, 58, 105647. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2023.105647

    129     Gao, Y. and Wang, H. (2024) Comparative Investigation of Full Bandgap Behaviours of Perforated Auxetic Metaconcretes with or without Soft Filler. Materials Today Communications, 38, 108526. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MTCOMM.2024.108526

    130     Bol, R.J.M., Xu, Y. and Šavija, B. (2024) Printing Path-Dependent Two-Scale Models for 3D Printed Planar Auxetics by Material Extrusion. Additive Manufacturing, 89, 104293. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDMA.2024.104293

    131     Lyngdoh, G.A., Kelter, N.K., Doner, S., Krishnan, N.M.A. and Das, S. (2022) Elucidating the Auxetic Behaviour of Cementitious Cellular Composites Using Finite Element Analysis and Interpretable Machine Learning. Materials & Design, 213, 110341. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2021.110341

    132     Ma, Z., Wang, X., Tang, B., Alansari, A.M. and Khairy, Y. (2024) Introducing a Computer Simulation to Model Flexural Vibrations of Sandwich Structures Reinforced by Advanced Nanocomposites Surrounded by Auxetic Concrete Foundation. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2024.2371099

    133     Wei, K., Xiao, X., Chen, J., Wu, Y., Li, M. and Wang, Z. (2021) Additively Manufactured Bi-Material Metamaterial to Program a Wide Range of Thermal Expansion. Materials and Design, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109343

    134     Guo, X., Ni, X., Li, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, F., Yu, H., Wu, J., Bai, Y., Lei, H., Huang, Y., Rogers, J.A. and Zhang, Y. (2021) Designing Mechanical Metamaterials with Kirigami-Inspired, Hierarchical Constructions for Giant Positive and Negative Thermal Expansion. Advanced Materials, 33. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004919

    135     Tao, Z., Ren, X., Zhao, A.G., Sun, L., Zhang, Y., Jiang, W., Han, D., Zhang, X.Y. and Xie, Y.M. (2022) A Novel Auxetic Acoustic Metamaterial Plate with Tunable Bandgap. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 226, 107414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107414

    136     Jiang, W.Z., Zhang, Y., Luo, Y.M., Chen, G.L., Pan, Y., Yan, H. and Ren, X. (2025) A Novel Auxetic Acoustic Metamaterial Plate with Enlarged Bandgap. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 75, 102291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2025.102291

    137     Nath, S.D. and Nilufar, S. (2020, November) An Overview of Additive Manufacturing of Polymers and Associated Composites. Polymers, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112719

    138     Zhang, J., Lu, G. and You, Z. (2020, November) Large Deformation and Energy Absorption of Additively Manufactured Auxetic Materials and Structures: A Review. Composites Part B: Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108340

    139     Li, C., Pradhan, P., Chen, G., Kropp, J.P. and Schellnhuber, H.J. (2025) Carbon Footprint of the Construction Sector Is Projected to Double by 2050 Globally. Communications Earth & Environment 2025 6:1, 6, 831-. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02840-x

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Previous articleNext article