Inter-module connections in modular construction: A review of terminology in literature and standards

The object of research is inter-module connections in modular construction, which serve as critical elements ensuring load transfer, spatial rigidity, and structural integrity of modular buildings. The growing application of modular technologies has increased the importance of these connections, yet their classification and regulatory status remain inconsistent. There is an ambiguity between treating inter-module connections as construction products or as parts of building structures, which complicates design, certification, and quality control. Method. The research employed a systematic review of scientific publications, regulations and standards. The analysis was based on content examination of definitions, terminology, and requirements, followed by comparative analysis across the three groups of sources. Results. The study shows that scientific literature treats inter-module connections both as reproducible industrial products and as structural parts. Terminology in Russian standards is fragmented and inconsistent, allowing for multiple interpretations. In contrast, international standards more consistently define connections within the framework of construction products, with specific requirements for strength, stiffness, durability, fire safety, and documentation. It is proposed to consider inter-module connections as construction products, enabling quality control, traceability, and life-cycle management, while still acknowledging their structural role within modular buildings.