69439 AlfaBuild AlfaBuild 2658-5553 12 10.57728/ALF.38.12 A systematic testing procedure of auxetic cementitious composites for modular and reinforced construction. A review A systematic testing procedure of auxetic cementitious composites for modular and reinforced construction. A review Velikii Iaroslav Andreevich 0000-0003-2673-4566 56227381900 Nemova (Sergeeva) Darya Viktorovna nemova_dv@spbstu.ru Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University 16 02 2026 38 2 38 3812 3812

The object of the research is the method for improving the mechanical characteristics of auxetic cementitious composites (ACC). ACC offer higher strength and greater resistance to deformation and cracking compared with conventional construction materials. This work aims to analyze existing improvement methods, evaluate their limitations, and propose a method for enhancing ACC that accounts for the joint contribution of the lattice and the matrix. Method. A systematic literature review with content analysis was employed, incorporating gap analysis of existing improvement workflows and within-study comparative ranking of experimental results across 20 peer-reviewed publications. Results. This study examines methods for improving auxetic structures and cement paste. 20 research papers were analyzed to assess the influence of the type of auxetic lattice structure, the material used to print the lattice, and the lattice geometry on the physical and mechanical properties of ACC. The study proposed a method to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of auxetic cementitious composites. Experimental analysis showed that reentrant and peanut-shaped structures perform better in compressive and tensile strength, while the octet structure stands out for its high energy absorption capacity. The developed research and improved workflow include selecting target properties, numerical simulation, selecting an improvement method, and conducting experiments. Progress in ACC research remains limited by inappropriate control-specimen selection, too few replicate tests (typically three per series), and fragmented data on geometric effects; standardizing test protocols and increasing replicate specimens to five–ten per series is recommended to improve result reliability.

 Auxetic Metamaterials Auxetic cementitious composite Auxetic optimization Method of optimization Metamaterials optimization Modular construction Modular buildings References 1         Jiang, W., Ren, X., Wang, S.L., Zhang, X.G., Zhang, X.Y., Luo, C., Xie, Y.M., Scarpa, F., Alderson, A. and Evans, K.E. (2022) Manufacturing, Characteristics and Applications of Auxetic Foams: A State-of-the-Art Review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 235, 109733. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2022.109733 2         Zhang, L., Yan, S., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Cai, W., Zhang, Z. and Zhou, J. (2025, April) Mechanical Metamaterials with Negative Poisson's Ratio: A Review. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119838 3         Momoh, E.O., Jayasinghe, A., Hajsadeghi, M., Vinai, R., Evans, K.E., Kripakaran, P. and Orr, J. (2024) A State-of-the-Art Review on the Application of Auxetic Materials in Cementitious Composites. Thin-Walled Structures, 196, 111447. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TWS.2023.111447 4         Ren, X., Das, R., Tran, P., Ngo, T.D. and Xie, Y.M. (2018, January) Auxetic Metamaterials and Structures: A Review. Smart Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aaa61c 5         Periyasamy, M. and Srinivasan, N. (2025) A Review on Auxetic Structures: Applications, Properties, Classifications, Finite Element Analysis, Manufacturing Methods, and Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters. Results in Engineering, 107660. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2025.107660 6         Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Schlangen, E., Luković, M. and Šavija, B. (2020) Cementitious Cellular Composites with Auxetic Behavior. Cement and Concrete Composites, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103624 7         Xie, J., He, S., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Zhou, W., Schlangen, E. and Šavija, B. (2025) Enhanced Elastomer-like Auxetic Cementitious Materials through Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) with Extended Softening Properties. Cement and Concrete Composites, 161, 106069. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2025.106069 8         Zhang, X. and Yang, D. (2016) Mechanical Properties of Auxetic Cellular Material Consisting of Reentrant Hexagonal Honeycombs. Materials, 9, 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110900 9         Bohara, R.P., Linforth, S., Nguyen, T., Ghazlan, A. and Ngo, T. (2023) Anti-Blast and -Impact Performances of Auxetic Structures: A Review of Structures, Materials, Methods, and Fabrications. Engineering Structures, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115377 10       Chen, M., Chen, Z., Xuan, Y., Zhang, T. and Zhang, M. (2023) Static and Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of 3D Printed Auxetic Lattice Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 139, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2023.105046 11       Xu, Y. and Šavija, B. (2024) Auxetic Cementitious Composites (ACCs) with Excellent Compressive Ductility: Experiments and Modeling. Materials and Design, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112572 12       Etemadi, E., Zamani, A.M.M., Scarpa, F., Zeeshan, M., Hosseinabadi, M. and Hu, H. (2024) Modified Reentrant Auxetic Metamaterials with Energy Absorption Enhancement. Materials Today Communications, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108079 13       Hamid, U., Bai, J., Kosec, G., Wang, L. and Abdel Wahab, M. (2025) Optimization of Auxetic Honeycomb Structures for Mechanical Performance. Composite Structures, 371, 119458. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2025.119458 14       Xie, J., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Liang, M., Wan, Z. and Šavija, B. (2024) Peanut Shaped Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composite (ACCC). Construction and Building Materials, 419, 135539. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.135539 15       Sadiq, M.A. and Kovács, G. (2025) Optimization of Composite Sandwich Structures: A Review. Machines, 13, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13070536 16       Zghair, H.H. (2024) Optimization of Mechanical Characteristics of Cement Mortar Incorporating Hybrid Nano-Sustainable Powders. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 33, 20240008. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2024-0008 17       Gan, Z., Zhuge, Y., Thambiratnam, D.P., Chan, T.H.T., Zahra, T. and Asad, M. (2022) Recent Advances in Auxetics: Applications in Cementitious Composites. International Journal of Protective Structures, 13, 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/20414196211062620 18       Chen, Y., Ye, W., Xu, R., Sun, Y., Feng, J. and Sareh, P. (2023) A Programmable Auxetic Metamaterial with Tunable Crystal Symmetry. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108249 19       Lim, T.C., Alderson, A. and Alderson, K.L. (2014) Experimental Studies on the Impact Properties of Auxetic Materials. Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research, 251, 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201384249 20       Qi, C., Remennikov, A., Pei, L.Z., Yang, S., Yu, Z.H. and Ngo, T.D. (2017) Impact and Close-in Blast Response of Auxetic Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Panels: Experimental Tests and Numerical Simulations. Composite Structures, 180, 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.020 21       Zhu, Y., Jiang, S., Zhang, Q., Li, J., Yu, C. and Zhang, C. (2022) A Novel Monoclinic Auxetic Metamaterial with Tunable Mechanical Properties. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107750 22       Wang, Q., Li, C., Zhang, M., Gao, W. and Luo, Z. (2026) A Machine Learning-Aided Robust Topology Optimization Method for the Design of Auxetic Metamaterials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 449, 118577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2025.118577 23       Cheng, X., Zhang, Y., Ren, X., Han, D., Jiang, W., Zhang, X.G., Luo, H.C. and Xie, Y.M. (2022) Design and Mechanical Characteristics of Auxetic Metamaterial with Tunable Stiffness. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107286 24       Jiang, F., Yang, S., Qi, C., Liu, H.T., Remennikov, A. and Pei, L.Z. (2023) Blast Response and Multi-Objective Optimization of Graded Reentrant Circular Auxetic Cored Sandwich Panels. Composite Structures, 305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116494 25       Novak, N., Krstulović-Opara, L., Ren, Z. and Vesenjak, M. (2020) Compression and Shear Behaviour of Graded Chiral Auxetic Structures. Mechanics of Materials, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103524 26       Novak, N., Vesenjak, M., Kennedy, G., Thadhani, N. and Ren, Z. (2020) Response of Chiral Auxetic Composite Sandwich Panel to Fragment Simulating Projectile Impact. Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research, 257. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201900099 27       Zhang, J. and Lu, G. (2023) Energy Absorption of Reentrant Honeycombs in Tension and Compression. Engineering Structures, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116237 28       Lyngdoh, G.A., Kelter, N.K., Doner, S., Krishnan, N.M.A. and Das, S. (2022) Elucidating the Auxetic Behavior of Cementitious Cellular Composites Using Finite Element Analysis and Interpretable Machine Learning. Materials & Design, 213, 110341. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2021.110341 29       Chang, Y., Wang, H. and Dong, Q. (2022) Machine Learning-Based Inverse Design of Auxetic Metamaterial with Zero Poisson's Ratio. Materials Today Communications, 30, 103186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MTCOMM.2022.103186 30       Afzal, M., Liu, Y., Cheng, J.C.P. and Gan, V.J.L. (2020) Reinforced Concrete Structural Design Optimization: A Critical Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 120623. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.120623 31       Costa, E.A. and Driemeier, L. (2024) Parametric Optimization Framework for Designing Sandwich Panels with Auxetic Core Subjected to Impact Load. Composite Structures, 347, 118436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118436 32       Zhang, C., Liu, J., Yuan, Z., Xu, S., Zou, B., Li, L. and Ma, Y. (2021) A Novel Lattice Structure Topology Optimization Method with Extreme Anisotropic Lattice Properties. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 8, 1367–1390. https://doi.org/10.1093/JCDE/QWAB051 33       Tsiptsis, I.N., Liimatainen, L., Kotnik, T. and Niiranen, J. (2019) Structural Optimization Employing Isogeometric Tools in Particle Swarm Optimizer. Journal of Building Engineering, 24, 100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2019.100761 34       Saka, M.P., Hasançebi, O. and Geem, Z.W. (2016) Metaheuristics in Structural Optimization and Discussions on Harmony Search Algorithm. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 28, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2016.01.005 35       Gao, J., Xue, H., Gao, L. and Luo, Z. (2019) Topology Optimization for Auxetic Metamaterials Based on Isogeometric Analysis. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 352, 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.04.021 36       Gao, J., Xiao, M., Gao, L., Yan, J. and Yan, W. (2020) Isogeometric Topology Optimization for Computational Design of Reentrant and Chiral Auxetic Composites. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 362, 112876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2020.112876 37       Kang, S., Moon, H., Shin, S., Mousavi, M., Sung, H. and Ryu, S. (2025) Design of Auxetic Metamaterial for Enhanced Low Cycle Fatigue Life and Negative Poisson's Ratio through Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization. Materials & Design, 252, 113798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113798 38       Wu, Y., Fang, J., Wu, C., Li, C., Sun, G. and Li, Q. (2023) Additively Manufactured Materials and Structures: A State-of-the-Art Review on Their Mechanical Characteristics and Energy Absorption. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 246, 108102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108102 39       Bronder, S., Adorna, M., Fíla, T., Koudelka, P., Falta, J., Jiroušek, O. and Jung, A. (2021) Hybrid Auxetic Structures: Structural Optimization and Mechanical Characterization. Advanced Engineering Materials, 23, 2001393. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001393 40       Gajjala, R.R. and Jana, P. (2026) Optimization of Sandwich Plate with Reentrant Auxetic Core for Improved Performance under Transverse Impact Loads. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 326, 113764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113764 41       Pokkalla, D.K., Poh, L.H. and Quek, S.T. (2021) Isogeometric Shape Optimization of Missing Rib Auxetics with Prescribed Negative Poisson's Ratio over Large Strains Using Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 193, 106169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106169 42       Wang, L. and Liu, H.-T. (2021) Parameter Optimization of Bidirectional Reentrant Auxetic Honeycomb Metamaterial Based on Genetic Algorithm. Composite Structures, 267, 113915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113915 43       Wang, Z., Wu, J., Su, L., Gao, Z., Yin, C. and Ye, Z. (2024) Optimization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Based on Response Surface Methodology and NSGA-II. Materials (Basel), 17, 4885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194885 44       Zhang, X.G., Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Luo, C., Zhang, X.Y., Han, D., Hao, J., Teng, X.C., Xie, Y.M. and Ren, X. (2022) Energy Absorption Properties of Composite Tubes with Hexagonal and Reentrant Honeycomb Fillers. Construction and Building Materials, 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129298 45       Xiao, P., Bin, L., Vescovini, R. and Zheng, S. (2024) Optimal Design of Composite Sandwich Panel with Auxetic Reentrant Honeycomb Using Asymptotic Equivalent Model and PSO Algorithm. Composite Structures, 328, 117761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117761 46       Marini, F. and Walczak, B. (2015) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A Tutorial. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 149, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2015.08.020 47       Chen, X., Moughames, J., Ji, Q., Martínez, J.A.I., Tan, H., Adrar, S., Laforge, N., Cote, J.M., Euphrasie, S., Ulliac, G., Kadic, M. and Laude, V. (2020) Optimal Isotropic, Reusable Truss Lattice Material with near-Zero Poisson's Ratio. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 41, 101048. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EML.2020.101048 48       Wang, M., Sun, S. and Zhang, T.Y. (2023) Machine Learning Accelerated Design of Auxetic Structures. Materials & Design, 234, 112334. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2023.112334 49       Laureano, R.W. and Mantari, J.L. (2026) Data-Driven-AI and Layerwise-Variable-Kinematic Models for the Vibration Analysis of Sandwich Panels with Auxetic Lattice Core and Functionally Graded Graphene Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Coatings. Composite Structures, 381, 120021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120021 50       Yu, H.R., Wang, X.Y., Zhang, Y., Jiang, W.Z., Qu, Y.C., Xue, T. and Ren, X. (2025) Bending Performance of Cement-Based 3D Auxetic Lattice Composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 111, 113549. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2025.113549 51       Amsalu Fode, T., Jande, Y.A.C. and Kivevele, T. (2024) Modelling and Optimization of Multiple Replacement of Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Cement Composite by Response Surface Method. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 19, 100735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100735 52       Ramu, P., Rout, S.K. and Das, A.K. (2024) Optimizing Bio-Bitumen Mixes through Response Surface Methodology. Ecocycles, 10, 68–83. https://doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v10i1.413 53       Muhammad, N.Z., Keyvanfar, A., Shafaghat, A., Majid, M.Z.A., Mirza, J., McCaffer, R. and Aliyu, M.M. (2020) Optimization of Nano Silicon for Integral Mixing in Cement Mortar: A Response Surface Methodology Approach. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2284. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0029003 54       Oyebisi, S., Shammas, M.I., Seyam, M. and Khuzwayo, B.P. (2025) Optimizing Blended Cement Concrete Strength Using the Box-Behnken Design Technique. Scientific Reports, 15, 25265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08745-1 55       Poonam, P. and Singh, V. (2023) Response Surface Methodology Use in Optimization of Concrete Properties Using Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate and Recycled Concrete Sand. Research on Engineering Structures and Materials. https://doi.org/10.17515/resm2023.788me0614 56       Abdulkadir, I., Wong, L.S., Ean, L.W., Mohammed, B.S. and Kong, S.Y. (2025) Optimizing Environmentally Efficient Mortar Properties through Synergistic Integration of Cellulose Microfibers and Calcined Palm Oil Fuel Ash: A Response Surface Methodology Technique. Construction and Building Materials, 458, 139687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139687 57       Nawab, M.S., Ali, T., Qureshi, M.Z., Zaid, O., Ben Kahla, N., Sun, Y., Anwar, N. and Ajwad, A. (2023) A Study on Improving the Performance of Cement-Based Mortar with Silica Fume, Metakaolin, and Coconut Fibers. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19, e02480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02480 58       Zawistowski, M. and Poteralski, A. (2024) Parametric Optimization of Selected Auxetic Structures. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00452-0 59       Kang, S., Moon, H., Shin, S., Mousavi, M., Sung, H. and Ryu, S. (2025) Design of Auxetic Metamaterial for Enhanced Low Cycle Fatigue Life and Negative Poisson's Ratio through Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization. Materials & Design, 252, 113798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113798 60       Farshbaf, S., Dialami, N., Cervera, M., Bakhshan, H. and Navid Chakherlou, T. (2025) Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured Auxetic Structures through Design Modifications: Experimental and Numerical Analysis. Progress in Additive Manufacturing 2025 10:7, 10, 4143–4164. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40964-025-01062-Z 61       Xu, F., Yu, K. and Hua, L. (2021) In-Plane Dynamic Response and Multi-Objective Optimization of Negative Poisson's Ratio (NPR) Honeycomb Structures with Sinusoidal Curve. Composite Structures, 269, 114018. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2021.114018 62       Meier, T., Li, R., Mavrikos, S., Blankenship, B., Vangelatos, Z., Yildizdag, M.E. and Grigoropoulos, C.P. (2024) Obtaining Auxetic and Isotropic Metamaterials in Counterintuitive Design Spaces: An Automated Optimization Approach and Experimental Characterization. npj Computational Materials, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41524-023-01186-2;SUBJMETA 63       Onoue, K. and Bier, T.A. (2017) Optimization of Alkali-Activated Mortar Utilizing Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Natural Pozzolan from Germany with the Dynamic Approach of the Taguchi Method. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.189 64       D1621 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties Of Rigid Cellular Plastics. https://store.astm.org/d1621-00.html 65       D790 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. https://store.astm.org/standards/d790 66       D6110 Standard Test Method for Determining the Charpy Impact Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics. https://store.astm.org/d6110-18.html 67       Chen, M., Fang, S., Wang, G., Xuan, Y., Gao, D. and Zhang, M. (2024) Compressive and Flexural Behaviour of Engineered Cementitious Composites Based Auxetic Structures: An Experimental and Numerical Study. Journal of Building Engineering, 86, 108999. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.108999 68       Hao, W., Liu, J. and Kanwal, H. (2023) Compressive Properties of Cementitious Composites Reinforced by 3D Printed PA 6 Lattice. Polymer Testing, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107811 69       Vitalis, T., Gross, A., Tzortzinis, G., Schagen, B. and Gerasimidis, S. (2024) Enhancing Mortar Composite Matrices with Three-Dimensional Auxetic Truss Lattice Materials for Reinforced Concrete Structures. Construction and Building Materials, 457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139165 70       Du, G., Sun, Y. and Qian, Y. (2025) In-Plane and out-of-Plane Compressive Performance of Bio-Inspired 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite Porous Lattice Structures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 160, 106070. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2025.106070 71       Rosewitz, J.A., Choshali, H.A. and Rahbar, N. (2019) Bioinspired Design of Architected Cement-Polymer Composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 96, 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.010 72       Hematibahar, M., Milani, A., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Bakhtiary, A., Kharun, M. and Mousavi, M.S. (2025) Optimization of 3D-Printed Reinforced Concrete Beams with Four Types of Reinforced Patterns and Different Distances. Engineering Failure Analysis, 168, 109096. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2024.109096 73       Vo, T.S. and Kim, D.J. (2025) Auxetic Meta-Concrete with Customized Materials and Structures: Experiments and Simulations. Journal of Building Engineering, 114, 114425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114425 74       Hajsadeghi, M., Wan, L., Momoh, E.O., Jayasinghe, A., Vinai, R., Kripakaran, P., Evans, K.E. and Orr, J.J. (2025) Compressive Behaviour of Mortar Panels Reinforced with Polymeric Auxetic Lattices: Experimental Testing and Numerical Modelling. Construction and Building Materials, 503, 144585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144585 75       Zhou, W., Bol, R.J.M., Zhou, Y., Meng, Z., Xu, Y., Xie, J. and Šavija, B. (2025) Reinforcing Mechanism of Lattice-Reinforced Cementitious Composites: Insights into Flexural Performance and Material Interactions. Materials & Design, 256, 114332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114332 76       Li, Z., Zhu, B., Di, C., Hao, J., Zhao, Y., Zhu, A., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Zhou, M. and Qiao, K. (2026) Core-Shell Structures Enable Simultaneous Improvements of Toughness and near-Native Hydrogen Barrier Properties in PA6/POE-g-MAH Blends with Addition of a Low-Amount of EVOH Component. Polymer, 344, 129494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129494 77       Hamidi, M.N., Abdullah, J., Mahmud, A.S., Hassan, M.H. and Zainoddin, A.Y. (2025) Influence of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Printing Parameters on the Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Polylactic Acid (PLA) / Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Polymer. Polymer Testing, 143, 108697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108697 78       Alex, Y., Divakaran, N.C., Pattanayak, I., Lakshyajit, B., Ajay, P. V and Mohanty, S. (2025) Comprehensive Study of PLA Material Extrusion 3D Printing Optimization and Its Comparison with PLA Injection Molding through Life Cycle Assessment. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 43, e01222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01222 79       Hassan, M., Misra, M., Bardelcik, A., Gregori, S. and Mohanty, A.K. (2026) Geometric Optimization and Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Auxetic Structures for High‐Impact Applications Through Fused Deposition Modeling. Advanced Engineering Materials, e202500265. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500265 80       Ray, N.C., Saha, R.K., Mollah, M.E., Rakib, S. and Ali, Y. (2025) Enhancing Mechanical and Surface Properties of 3D-Printed Kevlar-Reinforced ABS/PLA Composites through FDM Process. Hybrid Advances, 11, 100510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100510 81       Edmund, D., Zahra, T., Asad, M. and Thamboo, J. (2024) Experimental Investigation on Tensile Characteristics of 3D Printed Auxetic Embedded Cementitious Composites and Shear Bonding Behaviour to Masonry. Journal of Building Engineering, 97, 110749. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.110749 82       Salazar, B., Aghdasi, P., Williams, I.D., Ostertag, C.P. and Taylor, H.K. (2020) Polymer Lattice-Reinforcement for Enhancing Ductility of Concrete. Materials and Design, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109184 83       Petrascu, O.L. and Pascu, A.M. (2023) Comparative Study of Polyamide 6 (PA6) and Polyamide 6 Reinforced with 30% of Glass Fiber (PA6GF30). Materials Today: Proceedings, 93, 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2023.04.112 84       Farah, S., Anderson, D.G. and Langer, R. (2016) Physical and Mechanical Properties of PLA, and Their Functions in Widespread Applications — A Comprehensive Review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDR.2016.06.012 85       Maldonado-Hurtado, D.G., Llera, M., Flahaut, F., Benoit, J. and Barrera, D. (2024) Weight Measurement and Vibration Detection Sensor Based on a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Optical Fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 42, 1740–1747. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2023.3327046 86       Jian, J., Xiangbin, Z. and Xianbo, H. (2020) An Overview on Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Poly(Butylene-Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)–PBAT. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 3, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AIEPR.2020.01.001 87       Dmitruk, A., Ludwiczak, J., Skwarski, M., Makuła, P. and Kaczyński, P. (2023) Influence of PBS, PBAT and TPS Content on Tensile and Processing Properties of PLA-Based Polymeric Blends at Different Temperatures. Journal of Materials Science, 58, 1991–2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-022-08081-Z 88       Xu, Y., Schlangen, E., Luković, M. and Šavija, B. (2021) Tunable Mechanical Behavior of Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composites (CCCs): Experiments and Simulations. Construction and Building Materials, 266, 121388. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2020.121388 89       Solak, K., Orhan, S.N., Kotan, T. and Ardahanlı, M. (2025) Design, Fabrication, and Mechanical Analysis of Auxetic Cementitious Tubular Composites: An Experimental and Numerical Study. Construction and Building Materials, 492, 142931. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.142931 90       Valverde-Burneo, D., García-Troncoso, N. and Segura, I. (2025) Influence of Material and Design Parameters on the Mechanical Performance and Specific Energy Absorption of Auxetic HPCC. Construction and Building Materials, 505, 144778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144778 91       Xie, J., Xu, Y., Meng, Z., Liang, M., Zhou, Y. and Šavija, B. (2025) Impact Behavior of Auxetic Cementitious Cellular Composites (ACCCs) Architected through Additive Manufacturing (AM) Assisted Casting: Experiment and Modelling. Construction and Building Materials, 471, 140692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140692 92       Xue, X., Lin, C., Wu, F., Li, Z. and Liao, J. (2023, March) Lattice Structures with Negative Poisson's Ratio: A Review. Materials Today Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105132 93       Cardoso, J.O., Borges, J.P. and Velhinho, A. (2021, December) Structural Metamaterials with Negative Mechanical/Thermomechanical Indices: A Review. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.10.015