69439 AlfaBuild AlfaBuild 2658-5553 10 10.57728/ALF.38.10 Boundary conditions for adhesive joints in façade cladding elements Boundary conditions for adhesive joints in façade cladding elements Gusev Konstantin Vladimirovich 0000-0003-4992-2084 57194431559 Galyamichev Alexander Viktorovich galyamichev@yandex.ru Abdulova Dalia Ilfatovna Golubkov Nikita Aleksandrovich 0000-0002-2299-3096 56296687300 AAE-3259-2020 Rybakov Vladimir Alexandrovich Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University 16 02 2026 38 2 38 3810 3810

The object of research is adhesive fastenings in façade metal cassettes of hinged façade systems. This work aims to develop a simplified method for defining boundary conditions of adhesive fastenings of façade cassettes in numerical models. Method. Experimental tests of adhesive tapes were carried out to determine the estimated elastic modulus, load‑bearing capacity, and failure mode. Finite element analysis of façade metal cassettes was performed using different approaches to modelling adhesive joints to assess their influence on the structure's stress–strain state. Results. A preliminary value of the elastic modulus of the structural adhesive tape (375 kPa) and the average failure stress (548 kPa) were obtained. Failure exhibits a mixed adhesive–cohesive character and depends on the loading rate. Replacing silicone sealant adhesive with structural tapes has almost no influence on cassette deflections (2–4%). Numerical models showed that adhesive fastening can be represented as hinged contacts without explicitly modelling solid geometry. Load-width participation factors were determined for various span configurations, and a formula was proposed to calculate stresses in adhesive joints under wind loading.

 Adhesive tapes Bonded connections Façade metal cassettes Silicone adhesive sealant Stress–strain state Forces in fastening elements Wind load References Ryabukhina, S.A., Koshkarova, M.V. and Simankina, T.L. (2017) Russian Market of Ventilated Curtain Wall Systems. Actual Problems of Humanities and Natural Sciences, 3(3). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiyskiy-rynok-navesnyh-ventiliruemyh-fasadov Pizzatto, S.M., Pizzatto, F., Raupp-Pereira, F., Arcaro, S., Angioletto, E. and Montedo, O.R.K. (2025) Ventilated Façade System: A Review. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio, 64(3), 100443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2025.100443 Granovsky, A.V., Dobrina, K.E. and Tangamyan, G.S. (2020) Curtain Brick Façade Systems for Seismic Regions of Russia. Industrial and Civil Engineering, 1, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2020.01.33-39 Varlamova, L.A. and Rynkova, M.V. (2017) Ventilated Curtain Wall Systems in Large-Panel Residential Construction. University Complex as a Regional Center of Education, Science and Culture: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Methodological Conference, 619–623. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28976955 Ibañez-Puy, M., Vidaurre-Arbizu, M., Sacristán-Fernández, J.A. and Martín-Gómez, C. (2017) Opaque Ventilated Façades: Thermal and Energy Performance Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.059 Polyakova, T.V., Shkondin, V.V., Dorogova, A.A. and Tsokalo, R.A. (2019) Curtain Wall Systems in Reconstruction of Buildings. Modern Science, 5(4), 10–12. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38204634 Kuzmina, N.I. and Zhivotov, D.A. (2020) Ventilated Curtain Wall Systems as a Structural Element of Reconstructed and Newly Built Buildings. Colloquium-Journal, 8(60). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/navesnye-ventiliruemye-fasadnye-sistemy-kak-konstruktivnyy-element-rekonstruiruemyh-i-vnov-vozvodimyh-zdaniy Morina, A.A., Morina, E.A., Makarov, A.I. et al. (2020) Influence of Cladding Fixing Method on the Design Scheme of Ventilated Curtain Wall Frames. AlfaBuild, 1(13), 21–28. https://alfabuild.spbstu.ru/article/2020.13.4/ Kolesova, E.N. (2016) Ventilated Curtain Wall: Classification of Components and Problems of Air Gap Design. Bulletin of Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Construction and Architecture, 7(2), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2016.2.02 Kimberlain, J., Yee, S. and Dull, B. (2016) Adhesive Bonding in Ventilated Façade. Façade Tectonics World Congress 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317371184_Adhesive_Bonding_in_Ventilated_Facade Jucienė, M. and Dobilaitė, V. (2021) Impact of Climatic Effects and Various Surfaces on the Tack of Adhesive Tapes for Building and Construction. Journal of Building Engineering, 42, 102825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102825 Simonov, A.A. and Alfimov, A.V. (2023) Ventilated Curtain Wall Systems: Metal Cassettes and Porcelain Stoneware as Cladding Materials. Youth and Knowledge—Guarantee of Success 2023: Proceedings of the 10th International Youth Scientific Conference, Kursk, 269–271. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=54672081 Drass, M. and Schneider, J. (2016) On the Mechanical Behavior of Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive (TSSA). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-74 Drass, M. (2016) Constitutive Modeling of Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive (TSSA). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317106675_Constitutive_Modeling_of_Transparent_Structural_Silicone_Adhesive_-_TSSA Machalická, K. and Eliášová, M. (2017) Adhesive Joints in Glass Structures: Effects of Materials, Adhesive Thickness and Ageing. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 72, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.09.007 Schaaf, B. and Feldmann, M. (2024) Time-Dependent Design of Hyperelastic Bonded Joints in Structural Glass. Glass Structures and Engineering, 9, 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-024-00254-3 Van Lancker, B., Dispersyn, J., De Corte, W. and Belis, J. (2016) Durability of Adhesive Glass–Metal Connections for Structural Applications. Engineering Structures, 126, 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.024 Fufa, S.M., Labonnote, N., Frank, S., Rüther, P. and Jelle, B.P. (2018) Durability Evaluation of Adhesive Tapes for Building Applications. Construction and Building Materials, 161, 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.056 Zarei, H., Marulli, M.R. and Paggi, M. et al. (2022) Mechanical Characterization and Failure Modes in Peeling of Adhesively Bonded Strips from Plastic Substrates. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 29(11), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1827099 Rizzo, F. and Bedon, C. (2023) Performance of Cable-Supported Glass Façades under Time-Dependent Wind Action. Glass Structures and Engineering, 8, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-022-00180-2 Oikonomopoulou, F. and Bristogianni, T. (2022) Adhesive Solutions for Cast Glass Assemblies: Ground Rules from Case Studies. Glass Structures and Engineering, 7, 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-022-00178-w Bolghand, Y., Chakherlou, T.N. and Biglari, H. (2023) Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets on Araldite Adhesive Fracture Strength under Mixed-Mode Loading. Physica Mesomechanics, 26, 466–476. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959923040082 Chambers, R.J., Li, R.J., Youssef, G. and Cai, S. (2025) Experimental Studies of Impact Resistance of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Experimental Mechanics, 65, 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-025-01176-z Ogdanets, V.V., Galyamichev, A.V. and Nenashev, V.S. (2019) Load-Bearing Capacity of Curtain Wall Systems with Brick Cladding. Week of Science SPbPU: Proceedings, St. Petersburg, 125–127. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41757160 Egorov, D.V. and Galyamichev, A.V. (2019) Bearing Capacity of Attachment Points of Fibre-Cement Panels in Curtain Wall Systems. Light-Transmitting Structures, 5–6(127–128), 80–86. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42644485 Mikhailova, M.K. and Galyamichev, A.V. (2018) Load-Bearing Capacity of Adhesive Joints in Curtain Wall Systems. Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures, 5(68), 1–14. https://unistroy.spbstu.ru/article/2018.68.1/ Pavlova, M.O., Zakharov, V.A. and Kushnir, S.V. (2016) Reliability of Brick Facing Protective-Decorative Structures. Industrial and Civil Engineering, 12, 44–49. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27724992 Galyamichev, A.V., Lysenko, D.A. and Shvedov, M.A. (2025) Bearing Capacity of L-Shaped Brackets of Curtain Wall Systems. Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures, 2(116), 11602. https://doi.org/10.4123/CUBS.116.2 Egorov, D.V. and Galyamichev, A.V. (2019) Bearing Capacity of Fibre-Cement Panels under Uniform Load. Week of Science SPbPU: Proceedings, St. Petersburg, 91–93. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41757140 Double-sided structural bonding tape SANZ BONDING TAPE BT33185G. URL: https://www.sanz-russia.ru/catalog/dvukhstoronnyaya-lenta-dlya-konstruktsionnogo-skleivaniya-sanz-bonding-tape/dvukhstoronnyaya-lenta-dlya-konstruktsionnogo-skleivaniya-sanz-bonding-tape-bt33185g/ (date of application: 27.07.2026) Silvestru, V.A., Kolany, G., Freytag, B., Schneider, J. and Englhardt, O. (2019) Adhesively Bonded Glass–Metal Façade Elements with Composite Structural Behaviour under In‑Plane and Out‑of‑Plane Loading. Engineering Structures, 200, 109692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109692 Zhao, X. and Suo, Z. (2007) Method to Analyze Electromechanical Stability of Dielectric Elastomers. Applied Physics Letters, 91, 061921. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2768641 Mohammed, I.K., Charalambides, M.N. and Kinloch, A.J. (2016) Modeling the Effect of Rate and Geometry on Peeling and Tack of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 233, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2016.01.016 Hossain, M., Vu, D.K. and Steinmann, P. (2012) Experimental Study and Numerical Modelling of VHB 4910 Polymer. Computational Materials Science, 59, 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.02.027 Sun, S., Li, M., Liu, A. (2013) A Review on Mechanical Properties of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, 41, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2012.10.011